2nd International Symposium in O3 Ozone Applications
O3 Ozone Chemistry, Ozone Generation and Ozone Water Treatment
Ozone in Medicine - May 24th to 26th 1997
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OLEOZON® AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
ANALYSIS OF O3 OZONIDES AND PEROXIDIC COMPOUNDS FROM METHYL OLEATE OZONATION.
Ozone Research Center.
National Center for Scientific Research.
Methyl oleate ozonation, in hexane (non participating solvent) at a concentration of 0.3 M and in presence of protic substances, such as ethanol and water, was carried out. A bubbling reactor at 25 oC, with an ozone dose of 50 mg per gram of sample was used. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H1-NMR) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques, in order to identify the reaction products in all the studied conditions, were used.
During ozonation of methyl oleate in hexane, the corresponding ozonides/oligomeres were identified. It was design a simple procedure for GC/MS determination of ozonides, combining the quantitative methylation with the analysis of the thermal decomposition products of the ozonides. The procedure used for this determination was not previously reported. The ozonides were separated from the reaction mixture by means of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using an isocratic system. On the other hand, when ethanol is used as additive, the ethoxy-hydroperoxides were identified as major products. Ozonides, in smaller proportion, are observed too.
For the analysis of these compounds by GC/MS, the same procedure for the determination of ozonides, was used. The gas chromatography profile obtained is discussed in detail and it is corroborated by the H1-NMR analysis. The analysis of the reaction products, when water was used as additive, revealed only the presence of aldehydes (hexanal, nonanal and 9-oxo-methyl nonanoate) for both techniques. The obtained products, in all cases, can be explained taking into account the Crieggee mechanism.
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THE PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN FOLLOWING O3 OZONE REACTION WITH UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.
Ozone Research Center.
National Center for Scientific Research.
Unsaturated fatty acids are essential components of biological membranes. In this paper, ozonolysis in vitro of unsaturated fatty acids with addition of water or ethanol have been studied by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) at 250 MHz in order to investigate if this technique can be used to follow up ozone reaction with biological melecules. The ozonolysis of methyl oleate (one unsaturated bond) showed that signal intensities from formed ozonides were increased with ozone concentration increments.
However, the signal intensities with addition of water were higher than those in ethanol addition. Signal intensities from olefinic double bonds were found to decrease with the increment in ozonide signals and was present a higher consumption of these bonds in water than in ethanol addition. When ozonolysis of methyl linoleate (two unsaturated bonds) was performed, signal intensities values from ozonide formed in both medium were several times greater than those observed with methyl oleate; and signal intensities values from olefinic groups disappeared more quickly. Vitamin E added in a non-competitive manner results in the same observed pattern.
Thus, a correspondence in the behavior of these signals is observed, and more important is the observation that they reflect the proportionality between rate reaction and the number of double allylic positions present in the substrate molecule. Signals from aldehydes formation were poorly detected at lower ozone concentrations.
We suggest that the evaluation of ozonide and olefinic double bond signals from 250 MHz 1H NMR can be an useful tool in assessing ozone reaction with biomolecules and perhaps in ozone therapy follow up.
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SUGAR REFINING WITH O3 OZONE. ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES.
Ozone Research Center.
Ministry of Sugar Industry.
Academy of Sciences.
Reaction between ozone and colorants present in raw sugar leads to color elimination, without affecting sucrose or reducing sugars. In that sense, the use of ozone as decolorizing agent has great opportunities in the field of sugar refining.
The refined sugar obtained by this method has a quality which fulfill the international requirements established. In preliminary economic evaluation, ozone can substitute advantageously other methods traditionally employed.
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URINARY ORGANIC ACID PROFILE OF RATS TREATED ORALLY WITH O3 OLEOZON®.
Ozone Research Center.
1National Center for Scientific Research.
The OLEOZON® (ozonized sunflower oil) is a drug produced in the Ozone Research Center. Taking into account its great germicidal power, it is very useful in the treatment of bucal illness (gingivostomatitis), skin lesions and in the giardiasis. The main products in the ozonolysis of sunflower oil are hydroxycompounds and acids that can be found in different biological fluids.
The study of biological fluid chromatography profiles can give us new information about the biochemical reactions that take place in the organism. The aim of this work is to study the organic acid excretion in urine of rats treated with OLEOZON® using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry tectonics. Significant differences (p<0.01) respect to the organic acid excretion in urine of rat without treatment were found. Increased amounts of dicarboxylic acids are pimelic, azelaic and octenedioic.
Azelaic acid is recognized as anti-comedogenic and anti viral agent, also antifibrinolytic in melanoma cell cancer. It is possible that this acid would be one of the active principles of the OLEOZON®. Further research will be necessary to prove this hypothesis.
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O3 OZONE WATER TREATMENT IN CUBA.
Ozone Research Center.
EFFECT OF REMINERALIZATION ON O3 OZONATION AND BIODEGRADATION OF SURFACE WATER.
R. Desjardins, C. J. Zoungrana, M. Provost.
Polytechnic of Montreal, Canada.
Surface water with low mineralization is often high in natural organic matter. These characteristics make treatments designed to produce drinking water difficult. In order to improve the treatment, some water distributors have introduced a remineralization stage in the treatment line that consist in increasing alkalinity and the hardness of the water by adding calcium ions and bicarbonates ions.
The position of the remineralization in the line varies, depending upon the desired objective (buffer effect at the coagulation stage, correction of aggressivity, direct oxidation by ozone, etc.). Tests were carried out in order to show the effects of remineralization on the evaluation of biodegradability of natural organic matter and on some disinfection of by-products during ozonation and biodegradation. These treatment steps are preceded by coagulation-flocculation-decantation and sand-anthracite filtration.
Results have shown that remineralization increase the reduction of UV absorbance by ozonation. Remineralization also increases the production of oxalate and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC).
Results have also shown that remineralization increase removal of chlorine demand, chloropicrine and haloacetic acids by biological treatment (ozonation and biodegradation).
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O3 OZONATION OF 5-FLUOROACIL AND CITARABINE IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM
Drug Development and Research Center.
Ozone Research Center.
Wastewaters from pharmaceutical manufactures of citostatic drugs are, in principle, polluted with them. These compounds can result, under certain circumstances, toxic and even carcinogenics.
The problem of removing such compounds from water has not been completely solved yet. This work comprises the ozone inactivation of 5-fluoroacil and citarabine, two nitrogen bases with citostatic properties dissolved in water.
Results show that both compounds can be inactivated by ozonation. The composition of the reaction mixture was followed by HPLC and at the end of the reaction, the Ames test performed showed that the reaction products resulted non mutagenic.
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HPLC STUDY OF THE CINNAMIC ACID O3 OZONATION REACTION PRODUCTS IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM.
Ozone Research Center.
Cinnamic acid was taking as a model for the study of the ozonation reaction in aqueous medium. Water solutions of cinnamic acid (10-3 M) were ozonized at pH values of 2.5 and 7.0, T = 25 oC to completion in a 100 mL bubbling reactor. The composition of the reaction mixture were followed by HPLC.
Surprisingly, benzaldehyde was found to be formed in all cases in an almost 1:1 ratio respect to cinnamic acid consumed.
It means that the carbonyl moeity of the Criegee mechanism is only formed in the aryl side of the double bond, contrasting with data reported before the ozonation of similar compounds in organic solvents of varying polarity. An explanation based on the selective solvation stabilization of the carbonyl oxide alkyl moeity by water molecules is advanced.
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O3 OZONATION OF MODEL COMPOUNDS IN STIRRED TANK REACTOR
Ozone Research Center.
Chemical Engineering and Energetic Deparment. Extremadura University, Badajoz Spain.
The reaction of ozone with water solutions of cinnamic and crotonic acids in a 1 500 mL stirred tank reactor has been studied under different conditions of pH, temperature and concentration of reactant. The mass transfer study has been focused from the point of view of the film theory. The kinetic regime of absorption was found to be fast. In both systems, secondary reactions of the products with ozone, as well as the ozone radical decomposition at pH = 7 were detected.
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THE USE OF OXYGEN IN THE GENERATION OF O3 OZONE.
W. Masschelein.
Belgium
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PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE O3 OZONATION AND BIODEGRADABILTY OF ANIONIC SURFACE AGENTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERS.
Chemical Engineering and Energetic Deparment. Extremadura University, Badajoz Spain.
Ozone Research Center.
Commercial surface agents or surfactants constitute an important fraction of organic content of municipal wastewater. They are harmful for aquatic life and specially undesirable as far as the reuse of treated wastewater is concerned. Presently, anionic surfactants form the group of surface agents of highest application due to their biodegradable character. Thus, among this group one can highlight both the alkyl benzene sulphonates, like ABS and LAS the latter characterized by their linear chain.
In spite of their high biodegradability, these compounds are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants because of the high hydraulic residence time they need. In this work the chemical oxidation of ozone as alternative to degrade sodium sulphate dodecylbenzene (possibly the most representative anionic detergent of the ABS group) is studied. Best conditions achieved correspond to pH = 11 in distilled water (after 30 min 82 % conversion of surfactant is obtained with 100 mg/L of ozone dose).
In wastewater however conversion has a significant decrease (only 27.5 %) at the same conditions likely due to the competitive effects of other substances for ozone and hydroxyl radicals generated. On the other hand, the influence of preozonation on the biological oxidation of the surfactant in conventional activated sludge system has also been studied.
Best results in this case are reached after 4 weeks and with 100 mg/L of ozone dose. At these conditions and starting with 1500 mg/L VSS in prepared wastewater (300 mg/L COD) batch mode after 12 hours biological oxidation performance of surfactants increased about 35.7 % with respect to the non ozonated treatment.
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O3 OZONATION KINETICS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NONIONIC DETERGENT.
S. Ledakowicz.
Poland.
USE OF O3 OZONE IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT: A OF FACTOR OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
W. J. Masschelein.
Honorary president of IOA, Belgium.
Ozone is now used since one century in drinking water treatment in Europe. First for bacterial disinfection, followed by taste and odor control, removal of iron manganese.
An irreversible break-through came in the sixties when was shown that ozone, if properly applied inactivates enteroviruses which were a problem at that time. Later came the use of ozone as a factor able to promote biodegradability of dissolved organic substance, able to cope with parasites and alone or with synergic procedures with very refractory compounds like chlorinated pesticides.
Parallel to this evolution of applications the technologies for generating and contacting ozone to water were constantly adapted. This contribution will focus on ozonation of drinking water as a public health factor.
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O3 OZONE TREATMENT OF DEIONIZED WATER IN TECHNOLOGIES OF RECOMBINANT PRODUCTS.
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Center.
Ozone Research Center.
National Center for Scientific Research.
Biotechnological industry demand water of top quality, to meet standards increasingly restrictive. Trough more than 3 years, CIGB's Production Plant has been successfully employing the combination of water deionization followed by ozonation to obtain purified water for its productions, which consistently has met USPXXIII physico-chemical and microbiological regulations.
Low doses of ozone have been found to be enough to fulfill the requirements and to guarantee the quality of the productions.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS-LIQUID CONTACT SYSTEM FOR O3 OZONE WATER TREATMENT BUBBLE COLUMN.
Ozone Research Center.
The objective of this study was to characterize the hydrodynamic behavior of a pilot scale bubble column. The mixing study proceeds with the experimental determination of the residence time distribution (RTD) by means of tracer test at a variety of gas and liquid flowrates. Liquid flow behavior was evaluated from different mathematical models using a computer software.
The effect of some hydraulic parameters and bubble size on the extent of dispersion were evaluated. On the other hand, the profiles of dissolved ozone in water along the column were determined.
This study makes possible the improvement ozone process efficiency, thereby to evaluate design and operating conditions alternative for the same type of existing contactors equipped with identical gas diffusion system.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS-LIQUID CONTACT SYSTEM FOR O3 OZONE WATER TREATMENT. EJECTORS.
Ozone Research Center.
An ozone water treatment system consisting of 2 ejectors of 2", that permit the treatment of 30 m3/h of water were installed. The ozone incorporation capacity to the water under several conditions of operation, disinfection capability and hydraulic operation were characterized. The effectiveness of the proposed ozone water treatment system is shown.
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THE BASIC PHENOMENA AND MECHANISMS OF DISINFECTION BY O3 OZONE.
Yeh Shin-Cheng, Y.H. Yu, K. H. Chen.
Taiwan.
The influence of various impurities in water on the magnitude of disinfecting effects by ozone is studied. Different organic matters such as TOC, alkalinity, and turbidity are the factors considered in this study.
The results indicate that the factors in the order of negative effects over the disinfection by ozone are as follows: phenol, humic acids, and glucose. In batch reactors, organic matters will cause increase of the critical effective ozone concentrations; whereas the complete kill of E. coli will be delayed in continuous flow reactors due to their existence.
Also, alkalinity and turbidity will both lower the disinfecting power of ozone and the former is the more influential one. Previously noted "all-or-none" effect was observed in this study during batch experiments.
By comparative work, our results indicate that ozone is the most effective disinfecting agent used. Nevertheless, final addition of chlorine is still needed to protect the water from recontamination provided ozone or activated oxygen is used as the precedent disinfectant.
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O3 OZONE INACTIVATION OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WATER AS MODELS OF GRAM (-) BACTERIA.
Ozone Research Center.
Ozone is a potent germicidal agent. Inactivation kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli towards ozone in water, as models of Gram (-) bacteria, were studied.
For this purpose, water suspensions of 104 - 106 CFU/mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli isolated from polluted water and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, were prepared in sterile conditions and treated in a 100 mL bubble reactor with ozone, achieving concentrations from 0.3 to 2.61 mg of dissolved ozone/L of water, in contact with microorganisms.
Total inactivation obtained by this procedure varied from 1.04 to 19.23 minutes depending on the bacterial resistance and the ozone concentration applied. The ATCC strains showed to be more sensitive than the environment isolates;Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant wild strain. First order inactivation kinetics respect to both the concentrations of ozone and microorganisms were found, resulting an overall second order inactivation kinetics.
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EVALUATING WATER O3 OZONIZATION PROCESS IN SEVERAL BUBBLE COLUMNS.
Ozone Research Center.
Faculty of Science, Malaga University, Spain.
This paper presents the water ozonization process evaluation in bubble columns considering mass transfer parameters and the effect of chemical reaction on the mass transfer rate, which was obtained for different water qualities.
Determination of Hatta number confirmed that the water ozonization process develop in the liquid bulk, corresponding to very slow kinetic regime, then bubble column is advisable to obtain a high water quality in all practical cases considered. Water treatment systems are in service in several plants at different operating conditions.
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O3 OZONE INACTIVATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN WATER AS MODELS OF GRAM (+) BACTERIA.
Ozone Research Center, Cuba.
Inactivation kinetics of Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus towards ozone in water was analyzed in this paper. Water suspensions of 104 - 106 CFU/mL of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 10541 and Staphylococcus aureus 6538 were prepared in sterile conditions and treated in a 100 mL bubble reactor with ozone, achieving concentrations from 0.3 to 2.5 mg of dissolved ozone/L of water, in contact with microorganisms.
Inactivation kinetics of this bacterial strains was similar to Gram (-) bacteria; first order inactivation kinetics respect to both the concentrations of ozone and microorganisms were found, resulting an overall second order inactivation kinetics.
Staphylococcus aureus was more resistant than Streptococcus faecalis strain and the longest time required to achieve total inactivation was 10 minutes.
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APPLICATION OF O3 OZONE WATER TREATMENT FOR THE BREEDING OF LABORATORY ANIMALS FREE FROM PATHOGENIC GERMS.
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Ozone Research Center.
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Center.
The development of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry in last years in Cuba has increased the consumption of laboratory animals free from pathogenic germs, which are bred in barrier conditions and require the supply of very high microbiological quality water.
This paper present the use of ozone water treatment through an automated system. It was designed, manufactured by Ozone Research Center and put on to work in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Center.
The results obtained show the efficiency of ozone to achieve this aim and the economical advantages it has in comparison with the thermal treatment.
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DEVELOPMENT OF OZONIZERS FOR WATER TREATMENT.
Ozone Research Center.
The advantages of high frequency were used to obtain a low ozone production system. An ozone production of 45 mg/h with a good stability was obtained. The equipment was designed using low cost high voltage transformer and economical circuitry. This system cam be use in applications were a small ozone quantities are required like in domestic water purification. On the other hand, a medium frequency industrial ozone generator was developed to advantageously substitute the classical low-frequency model.
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THERAPEUTIC O3 OZONE GENERATOR.
Ozone Research Center.
During more than 10 years, ozone generators built in Cuba have been employing the 60 Hz normal line frequency to do their job. Recently in our country. This technology by means of medium frequency is applied on ozone production. The equipment present features like: working time regulation, digital visualization of the applied voltage, electronic protection against overcorrect and start up, lower size and weight. An improve in the generation efficiency was obtained.
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DRY COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM FOR O3 OZONIZER.
Ozone Research Center.
The compressed air normally has solid, liquid and gaseous contaminants. In the majority of pneumatic systems, the air must be dry and free of solid compounds. The presence of some of these contaminants may cause equipment failure, increasing the operation cost and decreasing the product quality. In the Ozone Research Center industrial ozone generators for many applications are designed and built. The ozone equipment uses high quality air as a feed gas. The aim of this paper is to design an air treatment system that guarantees a high quality in the purity and desiccation of the treated air. A versatile, compact and economical equipment was obtained.
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AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL O3 OZONIZER.
Ozone Research Center.
In this work a control system for industrial ozonizers is developed. This system is based on a microcontroller that permits to check and activate certain variables related with the operation of the equipment. Hardware and software are ready for also including the control of all the system in which the ozonizer is being used.
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AUTOMATIC FLOW CONTROL FOR THERAPEUTIC O3 OZONIZER.
Ozone Research Center.
In ozone therapy it is fundamental the control of the ozone concentration applied to the patient according to the treatment. This parameter strongly depends on the oxygen flow that passes through the ozone generator. In this work a system for the automatic control of oxygen flow is developed. It assures the selection and stability of the gas flow and the switch off of the equipment in case of failure in the supply.
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Source: Ozone Research Center
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